君主论-the prince(英文版)-第1章

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THE　PRINCEby　Nicolo　MachiavelliWritten　c。　1505；　published　1515translated　by　W。　K。　MarriottCHAPTER　IHOW　MANY　KINDS　OF　PRINCIPALITIES　THERE　ARE；　AND　BY　WHAT　MEANS　THEY　AREACQUIREDALL　STATES；　all　powers；　that　have　held　and　hold　rule　over　men　have　beenand　are　either　republics　or　principalities。Principalities　are　either　hereditary；　in　which　the　family　has　been　longestablished；　or　they　are　new。The　new　are　either　entirely　new；　as　was　Milan　to　Francesco　Sforza；　orthey　are；　as　it　were；　members　annexed　to　the　hereditary　state　of　theprince　；　as　was　the　kingdom　of　Naples　to　that　ofthe　King　of　Spain。Such　dominions　thus　acquired　are　either　accustomed　to　live　under　aprince；　or　to　live　in　freedom；　and　are　acquired　either　by　the　arms　ofthe　prince　himself；　or　of　others；　or　else　by　fortune　or　by　ability。CHAPTER　IICONCERNING　HEREDITARY　PRINCIPALITIESI　WILL　leave　out　all　discussion　on　republics；　inasmuch　as　in　anotherplace　I　have　written　of　them　at　length；　＇1＇　and　will　address　myself　onlyto　principalities。　In　doing　so　I　will　keep　to　the　order　indicated　above；and　discuss　how　such　principalities　are　to　be　ruled　and　preserved。I　say　at　once　there　are　fewer　difficulties　in　holding　hereditary　states；and　those　long　accustomed　to　the　family　of　their　prince；　than　new　ones；for　it　is　sufficient　only　not　to　transgress　the　customs　of　hisancestors；　and　to　deal　prudently　with　circumstances　as　they　arise；　for　aprince　of　average　powers　to　maintain　himself　in　his　state；　unless　he　bedeprived　of　it　by　some　extraordinary　and　excessive　force；　and　if　heshould　be　so　deprived　of　it；　whenever　anything　sinister　happens　to　theusurper；　he　will　regain　it。We　have　in　Italy；　for　example；　the　Duke　of　Ferrara；　who　could　not　havewithstood　the　attacks　of　the　Veians　in　'84；　nor　those　of　Pope　Juliusin　'10；　unless　he　had　been　long　established　in　his　dominions。　For　thehereditary　prince　has　less　cause　and　less　necessity　to　offend；　hence　ithappens　that　he　will　be　more　loved；　and　unless　extraordinary　vices　causehim　to　be　hated；　it　is　reasonable　to　expect　that　his　subjects　will　benaturally　well　disposed　towards　him；　and　in　the　antiquity　and　durationof　his　rule　the　memories　and　motives　that　make　for　change　are　lost；　forone　change　always　leaves　the　toothing　for　another。1。　Discourses。CHAPTER　IIICONCERNING　MIXED　PRINCIPALITIESBUT　the　difficulties　occur　in　a　new　principality。　And　firstly；　if　it　benot　entirely　new；　but　is；　as　it　were；　a　member　of　a　state　which；　takencollectively；　may　be　called　posite；　the　changes　arise　chiefly　from　aninherent　difficulty　which　there　is　in　all　new　principalities；　for　menchange　their　rulers　willingly；　hoping　to　better　themselves；　and　thishope　induces　them　to　take　up　arms　against　him　who　rules：　wherein　theyare　deceived；　because　they　afterwards　find　by　experience　they　have　gonefrom　bad　to　worse。　This　follows　also　on　another　natural　and　monnecessity；　which　always　causes　a　new　prince　to　burden　those　who　havesubmitted　to　him　with　his　soldiery　and　with　infinite　other　hardshipswhich　he　must　put　upon　his　new　acquisition。In　this　way　you　have　enemies　in　all　those　whom　you　have　injured　inseizing　that　principality；　and　you　are　not　able　to　keep　those　friendswho　put　you　there　because　of　your　not　being　able　to　satisfy　them　in　theway　they　expected；　and　you　cannot　take　strong　measures　against　them；feeling　bound　to　them。　For；　although　one　may　be　very　strong　in　armedforces；　yet　in　entering　a　province　one　has　always　need　of　the　goodwillof　the　natives。For　these　reasons　Louis　XII；　King　of　France；　quickly　occupied　Milan；　andas　quickly　lost　it；　and　to　turn　him　out　the　first　time　it　only　neededLodovico's　own　forces；　because　those　who　had　opened　the　gates　to　him；finding　themselves　deceived　in　their　hopes　of　future　benefit；　would　notendure　the　ill…treatment　of　the　new　prince。　It　is　very　true　that；　afteracquiring　rebellious　provinces　a　second　time；　they　are　not　so　lightlylost　afterwards；　because　the　prince；　with　little　reluctance；　takes　theopportunity　of　the　rebellion　to　punish　the　delinquents；　to　clear　out　thesuspects；　and　to　strengthen　himself　in　the　weakest　places。　Thus　to　causeFrance　to　lose　Milan　the　first　time　it　was　enough　for　the　Duke　Lodovicoto　raise　insurrections　on　the　borders；　but　to　cause　him　to　lose　it　asecond　time　it　was　necessary　to　bring　the　whole　world　against　him；　andthat　his　armies　should　be　defeated　and　driven　out　of　Italy；　whichfollowed　from　the　causes　above　mentioned。Nevertheless　Milan　was　taken　from　France　both　the　first　and　the　secondtime。　The　general　reasons　for　the　first　have　been　discussed；　it　remainsto　name　those　for　the　second；　and　to　see　what　resources　he　had；　and　whatany　one　in　his　situation　would　have　had　for　maintaining　himself　moresecurely　in　his　acquisition　than　did　the　King　of　France。Now　I　say　that　those　dominions　which；　when　acquired；　are　added　to　anancient　state　by　him　；　are　either　of　the　same　countryand　language；　or　they　are　not。　When　they　are；　it　is　easier　to　hold　them；especially　when　they　have　not　been　accustomed　to　self…government；　and　tohold　them　securely　it　is　enough　to　have　destroyed　the　family　of　theprince　who　was　ruling　them；　because　the　two　peoples；　preserving　in　otherthings　the　old　conditions；　and　not　being　unlike　in　customs；　will　livequietly　together；　as　one　has　seen　in　Brittany；　Burgundy；　Gascony；　andNormandy；　which　have　been　bound　to　France　for　so　long　a　time：　and；although　there　may　be　some　difference　in　language；　nevertheless　thecustoms　are　alike；　and　the　people　will　easily　be　able　to　get　on　amongstthemselves。　He　who　has　annexed　them；　if　he　wishes　to　hold　them；　has　onlyto　bear　in　mind　two　considerations：　the　one；　that　the　family　of　theirformer　lord　is　extinguished；　the　other；　that　neither　their　laws　northeir　taxes　are　altered；　so　that　in　a　very　short　time　they　will　beeentirely　one　body　with　the　old　principality。But　when　states　are　acquired　in　a　country　differing　in　language；customs；　or　laws；　there　are　difficulties；　and　good　fortune　and　greatenergy　are　needed　to　hold　them；　and　one　of　the　greatest　and　most　realhelps　w