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2006年考研英语最新题型应试指导-第20章

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来自外太空的入侵或许是唯一的解决之道;那时所有人都会团结起来。    
    四    
    [A] Rate discrimination will turn railroads into the arbiter。    
    [B]Shippers will have the railway by the throat。    
    [C]It is not practical for the shippers to appeal。    
    [D]Refute the viewpoint held by the supporters of the mergence。    
    [E]What the railroads hold towards rate discrimination。    
    [F]The mergence makes the railroads lose money in business。    
    In recent years; railroads have been bining with each other; merging into supersystems; causing heightened concerns about monopoly。 As recently as 1995;the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total tonmiles moved by rails。 Next year; after a series of mergers is pleted; just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers。    
    1     
     Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service。 Any threat of monopoly; they argue; is removed by fierce petition from trucks。 But many shippers plain that for heavy bulk modities traveling long distances; such as coal; chemicals; and grain; trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat。    
    2     
    The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail pany。 Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is peting for the business。 Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief; but the process is expensive; time consuming; and  will work only in truly extreme cases。    
    3     
     Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost。 If railroads charged all customers the same average rate; they argue; shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so; leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line。     
    4     
    Its a theory to which many economists subscribe; but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which panies will flourish and which will fail。“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici; a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers。    
    5     
     The railroad industry as a whole; despite its brightening fortunes; still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic。 Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another; with Wall Street cheering them on。 Consider the 10。2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year。 Conrails net railway operating ine in 1996 was just 427 million; less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction。     
    Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will; as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market。    
    答案及解析    
    1。 D。这段前半部分提出垄断支持者的论点,如:cost reductions; better service; 后半部分以货运商的观点加以驳斥。    
    2。 C。本段主要讲铁路公司随意索费,虽然货运商可提起诉讼,但实际上是不实用的,如诉讼费用高,耗时长等。    
    3。 E。从“Raidroads justify…”一句可看出铁路公司持有的观点,即对货运商不同对待符合所有人的利益。    
    4。 A。从Martin Bercovici 的那句话得知此段主要讲对货运商不同对待只能使铁路公司成为货运公司的主宰。    
    5。 F。从“still does not earn enough to cover……”一句,我们可知虽然铁路公司热衷于兼并,但许多兼并实际上是赔本的。    
    中心思想    
    本文论述了最近几年铁路公司热衷于兼并,造成铁路方面的垄断,这使得铁路公司实际成为货运公司的主宰,对货运商索要高额费用。由于许多兼并到头来证明是赔本的,使得这部分差额落到货运商头上,这对本来就遭到不公正待遇的货运商来说无疑是雪上加霜。    
    译文    
    最近几年,铁路公司纷纷兼并,形成超级集团,使得人们对垄断越来越关注。在不久前的1995年,四大铁路公司的运营量还只占全国铁路运营总量的70%以下。明年,在一系列的兼并完成以后,这四大铁路公司将占主要铁路公司货运总量的90%以上。    
    支持新型超大铁路集团的人宣称,公司兼并有利于大幅度地降低成本,也有利于改善协调服务。他们认为,垄断的威胁可以通过来自公路的激烈竞争而消减。但许多货运商则抱怨说,像煤炭、化肥和粮食这样的大宗货物通过公路来运输成本太高,而铁路公司会因此而主宰一切。    
    铁路行业的大规模联合意味着多数货运商将由唯一的一家铁路公司提供服务。铁路公司向这些无奈的货运商索要的费用,通常比有竞争对手时高20%到30%。那些自觉被敲诈了的货运商有权向联邦政府的水陆交通理事会提出指控,要求降低费率,但诉讼费用很高,也很耗时,只能在极端情况下使用。    
    铁路公司则认为,对这些货运商在费用上区别对待是合理的,因为从长远来看这会降低大家的成本。他们认为,如果对所有的客户都收取一样的费用,那些可以转向公路或其他交通方式的货运商就会转向,迫使剩余的客户承担维持铁路经营的成本费用。    
    许多经济学家都同意这种说法,但实际上这使得铁路公司可以去决定哪些公司兴旺,哪些公司失败。“我们真地希望要让铁路公司成为企业在市场中成败的仲裁者吗?”一位经常代理货运商的华盛顿律师马丁?贝克维奇提出了疑问。    
    许多无奈的发货商还担心他们不久便会面临一轮费率上升。尽管铁路行业总的来说出现好的转机,但尚未赚到可以补偿其所投入的大笔资金的利润,投入是为了应付不断膨胀的营运量。而且铁路公司仍在借贷数十亿的资金相互兼并,华尔街则推波助澜。今年,诺发南方公司和CSX投入了10。2亿美元兼并了康瑞公司。康瑞公司在1996年的运营收入只有4。27亿美元,不及上述交易额的一半。    
    那么,这笔差额谁来支付?许多无奈的货运商担心,随着诺发南方和CSX对市场控制力加强,货运商得去承担这些差额。    
    
…完


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