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Recency Effect
The tendency to remember the last bit of information due to the shorter time available for forgetting。
Reconstruction
Tendency to fill in the gaps in our memory and often believe these represent true memories。
Referent Power
Power given to an individual due to respect and/or desire to be similar to that individual。
Reflection
A therapeutic technique in humanistic therapy where the feelings and thoughts of the client are reflected or reworded back to the client to assist in understanding them。
Regression Analysis
Used with a correlation to determine a regression equation that predicts or estimates a persons score on one variable if the other is known。
Rehearsal
Repeating information in order to improve our recall of this information。
Reinforcer
Anything that follows a behavior that increases the chances of that behavior occurring again。
Regression
A defense mechanism where one reverts to an earlier stage of development。
Reliability
A statistical measure of a tests consistency； or ability to result in similar scores if given repeatedly。
Reliability Coefficient
The correlation coefficient is called the reliability coefficient when a correlation is used to determine or estimate reliability。
Replication
The strength of a research study is only as good as its ability to be replicated。 In other words； if a study has significant results but can not be done again； it is difficult to assess whether it was a good study or a result of error。
Representative Sample
A sample or subgroup of the population that possesses the same characteristics of the population
Representativeness Heuristic
A rule of thumb where similarity to a prototype or similar situation dictates a decision。
Repression
In Psychoanalytic Theory； the defense mechanism whereby our thoughts are pulled out of our consciousness and into our unconscious。
Resistance
In psychoanalysis； the client's refusal to participate in a therapeutic intervention due to underlying issues unrelated to the intervention。
Response Prevention
A therapeutic technique where stimuli is presented to the client but the client is not permitted to exercise his or her typical response。 Used for the treatment of phobias； obsessive pulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders。
Reticular Formation （Reticular Activating System）
Part of the brain stem involved in arousal and attention； sleep and wakefulness； and control of reflexes。
Retinal Disparity
The binocular cue to distance referring to the distance between the two images sent to the brain by our eyes。 The farther apart these images； the closer the object。
Retrieval
The process of bringing material out of long term memory and into consciousness。
Retroactive Interference
Interference in memory created by later learning。
Reversal Design
Any single subject design that includes the removal of treatment to determine if the subject reverts to baseline （ex。 ABA； ABAB）
Reversibility
A child's ability to reverse operations and therefore recognize that the qualities of an object remain the same despite changes in appearance。 Occurs in Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development （e。g。； 1＋2=3 to 3…2=1）。
Reward Power
Power derived through an ability to offer rewards。
Rogers； Carl
A humanistic Psychologist who developed Client…Centered Therapy。
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective technique utilizing ambiguous inkblots as stimuli。
S
Sample
Portion of the entire population used to estimate what is likely happening within a population。
Sample Mean
Abbreviated with a lowercase x with a horizontal line over top （called 'x…bar'）； the sample mean is the true mean of a sample of data often used to estimate the true mean of the entire population。
Sample Standard Deviation
The standard deviation of a sample of the population。 Often used to estimate the true population standard deviation。 Often abbreviated 'SD。〃
Sampling Error
The amount of error associated with a sample due to its deviation from the population
Scatter Plot
A graphical representation of data received in a correlational study。
Schema
The cognitive structure utilized to make sense of the world。
Secondary Reinforcer
A reinforcer other than one which meets our basic needs such as food or water （e。g。； intellectual stimulation； money； praise）。
Selection Bias
Errors in the selection and placement of subjects into groups that results in differences between groups which could effect the results of an experiment。
Self Actualization
The process of understanding oneself more pletely and being aware of issues affecting one's life。
Self…Concept
The subjective perception of the self。
Self Efficacy
One's belief in his or her own ability。
Self Serving Bias
The tendency to assign internal attributes to successes and external factors to failures。
Semantic Memory
The part of declarative memory that stores general information such as names and facts。
Semi…Interquartile Range
One half of the interquartile range
Sensation
Information brought in through the senses。
Sensorimotor Stage
The first stage in Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development where a child's primary way of learning about the world is through the senses and movement。
Sensory Adaptation
The reduced ability to sense a stimulus after prolonged exposure。
Sensory Memory
The brief storage of information brought in through the senses； typically only lasts up to a few seconds。
Separation Anxiety
Distress caused by the absence of an infant's primary caregiver
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter involved in mood； sleep； appetite； and impulsive and aggressive behavior。 Too little has been associated with depression and some anxiety disorders （e。g。； obsessive…pulsive disorder）。 Many antidepressants attempt to reduce the amount of serotonin that is taken back （reuptake） into the sending neuron （e。g。； Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ＇SRI＇）。
Sexual Orientation
A feeling of attractedness or arousal associated with a particular gender。 Sexual behavior can be a result of this but does not necessarily define a person's orientation。
Shapi