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ation。
Shaping
Gradually molding a specific response by reinforcing responses that e close to the desired response。
Short Term Memory
The stage of memory where information is stored for up to 30 seconds prior to either being forgotten or transferred to long term memory。
Sigma （lowercase）
The abbreviation for the standard deviation of a population。 （s）
Sigma （uppercase）
The abbreviation for summation。 （S）
Situational Attribute
An attribute explained or interpreted as being caused by external influences。
Skinner； B。 F。
Considered the father of behavioral therapy。 He once stated that with the ability to control a child's environment； he could raise a child to bee anything he wanted。
Skinner Box
A cage designed for animals in operant conditioning experiments。
Skew
The degree to which a curve or distribution of scores has extreme scores atypical of the majority of scores
Social Facilitation
The effect of other’s presence on one’s performance。 Typically we perform simple or well…learned tasks better in front of others and difficult or novel tasks worse。
Social Learning Theory
Developmental theory arguing that personality is learned through the interactions with the environment。
Social Loafing
The tendency for people to work less on a task the greater the number of people are working on that task。
Social Psychology
The branch of psychology which focuses on society and it's impact on the individual。
Social Roles
Accepted behaviors associated with a particular position within a group。
Social Skills
Skills or behaviors deemed desirable or necessary to effectively interact with society。
Social Support
Term used to describe the degree of emotional support afforded a client by friends； family； and other acquaintances。
Somatic Nervous System
Sub system of the Peripheral Nervous System （PNS）。 Primary function is to regulate the actions of the skeletal muscles。
Spearman's Rho
A correlational technique used primarily for rank ordered data （ordinal scale）。
Split…Half Reliability
The correlation coefficient determined by paring first half of the measurement to the second half。 Measure of the internal consistency of a test or measuring device。
Spontaneous Recovery
The tendency for previously learned information to resurface rapidly after a period of extinction。 Information that is spontaneously recovered is thought to lay dormant but not forgotten （e。g。； riding a bicycle after a long period of not riding）。
Stage
A period of development that occurs at about the same time for each person。 Developmental and Personality theories are often made up of a series of stages。
Stage Theory
The idea that an individual must pass through one stage of development before he or she can reach the next stage。
Standard Deviation
A measure of spread within a distribution （the square root of the variance）。 The most popular and most reliable measure of variability but the more skewed a distribution； the more error there will be in the standard deviation because of its reliance on the mean。
Standard Error of Measurement
a statistical procedure used to determine the amount of error of any measurement device
Standard Error of the Mean
An estimation of the unaccounted for error within a mean。 If the mean is 10 and the standard error of the mean is 2； then the true score is likely to fall somewhere between 8 and 12 or 10 ＋/… 2。
Standardization
The process of making a test or procedure the same for everyone so that results can be pared to each other。
Standard Score
A score derived by transforming the data based on the standard deviation。 Standard scores can then be pared to one another on face value。 （See z…score； T…score； NCE score； stanines； and Wechsler's Deviation IQ Score）
Stanine
A standard score that literally means Standard Nine； stanines have a mean of five and a standard deviation of approximately two。 Stanines 2 through 8 are exactly 1/2 standard deviations and stanines one and nine or open ended。
Statistic
An observed characteristic of a sample （e。g。； 20％ improvement rate； range of IQ’s）
State
A temporary internal characteristic （e。g。； depressed； angry）
State Dependent Memory
The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind （e。g。； depressed； happy； somber） is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind。
Stem and Leaf Display
A multiple column table depicting the individual digits of the scores。 A score of 95 would have a stem of 9 and a leaf of 5； a score of 62 would have a stem of 6 and a leaf of 2。 If a particular stem has more than one leaf； such as the scores 54； 58； and 51； the stem of 5 has three leaves； in this case 458。
Stimulus
Anything in the environment to which one responds。
Stimulus Discrimination
The ability to tell the difference and therefore not respond to similar stimuli。
Stimulus Generalization
The response to new stimuli due its similarity to the original stimuli。
Storage
The process of saving information in long term memory
Stress
The physical and psychological result of internal or external pressure。
Stressor
Anything； internal or external； which applies psychological pressure on an individual。
Structuralism
School of thought from the 19th century focused on the gathering of psychological information through the examination of the structure of the mind。
Subjective Reality
The perception of reality made by an individual that may be different from the perception made by another person。
Subject Matching
A method of reducing bias in a sample of subjects by matching specific criteria of the sample to the true characteristics of the population。 （Example： If the population is 60％ female then 60％ of the subjects in the sample should also be female）
Sublimation
A defense mechanism where undesired or unacceptable impulses are transformed into behaviors which are accepted by society。
Superego
In Psychoanalytical theory； the part of the personality that represents the conscience。
Supertraits
Hans Eysenck's term for his two distinct categories of personality traits。 They include Introversion…Extroversion and Neuroticism。 Accordi